Katyn memorial in Manchester Southern Cemetery : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Katyn memorial in Manchester Southern Cemetery / stillunusual
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示 2.1 |
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| 説明 | The memorial was created on the initiative of Manchester's Polish community, who not only funded it but had to go to great lengths to persuade the local council to grant the required planning permission. The memorial is located next to Princess Parkway, in an area in which there are many Polish graves.The Katyń massacre ("zbrodnia katyńska" in Polish) was the mass murder of approximately 22000 Polish nationals carried out by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) in April and May 1940. The massacre was prompted by a proposal (dated 5th March 1940) from Lavrentiy Beria, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, to execute all members of the Polish Officer Corps who had been captured and imprisoned by the USSR during the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. This official document was approved and signed by the Soviet Politburo, including its leader Joseph Stalin.As well as approximately 8000 officers of the Polish army, the victims of the Katyń massacre included 6000 police officers and thousands of university lecturers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, civic leaders, politicians, government officials, priests and other members of the "bourgeoisie" who had been targeted for arrest following the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland. By physically eliminating Poland’s military and civilian elites, Stalin wanted to decapitate the Polish nation and ensure it was less able to resist the enforced Sovietisation of the occupied Polish territories.The victims were all citizens of Poland, but not all were ethnically Polish - for example, the murdered army officers included Ukrainians, Belarusians and several hundred Jews, among them Baruch Steinberg, the Chief Rabbi of the Polish army. The majority were interned at three Soviet camps (Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostaszków) before being taken to NKVD mass murder sites, where they were executed and buried in mass graves. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_SteinbergAlthough the killings took place at several different locations in Soviet Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, the massacre is named after the Katyń forest in the Smolensk Oblast of western Russia where the graves of the Kozielsk prisoners were discovered in 1943. The exact fate of the other victims and the location of their graves was not confirmed until five decades later. After the discovery of the Katyń burial site the USSR denied responsibility for the massacre and tried to blame it on the Germans, and continued to lie about the killings for 50 years until finally admitting Soviet guilt in 1990 and revealing where the remaining victims were buried.It eventually became possible to exhume and identify the bodies from the mass murder sites at Charków (Kharkiv), where the NKVD murdered the prisoners who were interned at Starobielsk, and Miednoje (Mednoye), where the NKVD murdered the prisoners who were interned at Ostaszków - as well as other locations such as Bykownia (Bykivnia).Most of the Ostaszków prisoners were killed by Beria's chief executioner Vasily Blokhin, who was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by Stalin at the end of April 1940 for demonstrating "skill and organisation in the effective carrying out of special tasks".en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_BlokhinAlthough several other ex-members of the NKVD eventually confessed to participating in the Katyń massacre, none of the perpetrators were ever brought to justice, and neither the Soviet government nor successive governments of Russia have ever permitted a full investigation of this war crime.There's also no shortage of vatniks, tankies and other useful idiots out there who are still in denial about it, even though claims that the murders were carried out by the Germans have zero credibility and have been comprehensively debunked (it's actually impossible for the Polish prisoners interned at Ostaszków - who disappeared without trace in 1940 and whose bodies were found in Miednoje in 1991 - to have been captured, killed and buried by the Germans, who never reached either of these locations in Russia at any time during World War 2).... holocaustcontroversies.blogspot.com/2023/02/debunking-gro...The Manchester memorial was unveiled in 1990 and soil from the Katyń site was buried inside. Soil from the mass murder site at Charków (Kharkiv) was added in 1992. Soil from the mass murder site at Miednoje (Mednoye) was added in 2001.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacreen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cemetery%2C_Manchester |
| 撮影日 | 2013-09-15 11:36:53 |
| 撮影者 | stillunusual , Manchester, UK |
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| カメラ | DMC-TZ30 , Panasonic |
| 露出 | 0.02 sec (1/50) |
| 開放F値 | f/3.3 |