Crediton Devon : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Crediton Devon / jmc4 - Church Explorer
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承 2.1 |
|---|---|
| 説明 | The Collegiate church of the Holy Cross and the Mother of Him who hung thereon, Crediton, Devon The early dedication of the church was to St Mary, the present dedication came into use after the 1230’s.The church can be traced continuously in written records back to the early 10c , and even 200 years earlier if an 11c copy of a charter of 739AD by which Aethelheard, king of the West Saxons granted land to Forthere, Bishop of Sherborne for the foundation of a monastery here, is accepted as authentic.In the early 900s the Diocese of Sherborne was split into 3 smaller dioceses making Crediton the cathedral centre for Devon and Cornwall – probably in part because St Boniface had been born here in c680, and in part because of the presence of the monastery. This cathedral would have been made of wood, of which nothing now remains.c1050 the last bishop, Leofric, moved this see together with the bishops throne, to Exeter, it being a walled city rather than an undefended “mere village”, However he retained his palace to the north-east of the church and his lands around the town. The construction of a stone Norman church , (the nave and south transept being on the site of the original) was in progress in the 1130’s – and a collegiate church of secular canons which was initially staffed by 18 canons with 18 vicars, was established, although lack of funds meant that this number of canons was soon reduced to 12.The church was extended in the late 13c by the addition of the Lady Chapel and the Chapter House. Around this time, Bishop Bronescombe (1258-1280) had added to the income of the college by making grants of land and houses. This permitted the restoration of the number of canons back to 18.The collegiate church was always completely secular – none of the canons or vicars lived the communal life of monks; their work being funded by income from tithes which were shared with the bishop. their duties included the provision of services to the laity of the parish, surrounding parishes and to the 9 chapels of ease of the area. St Swithun, Sandford and St John the Baptist, Kennerleigh, both upgraded to parish churches after the Reformation, are the only survivors of these.A chapel of St Lawrence was built c1200 a mile away and used to provide hospitality to travellers and a refuge for the sick and incapacitated from the late 13c to early 16c .The church became an important regional centre for prayer and for the making of offerings (which bought indulgences). It was also visited by the sick in search of cures.In 1315 Thomas Grey, a fuller from Keynsham near Bristol, who had lost his sight, came here after being moved to do so in a dream. He miraculously regained his vision whilst in prayer in the chapel of St Nicholas (now the Friend’s Chapel), just as Bishop Walter de Stapeldon was saying mass at the high altar. After giving Grey various tests, Stapeldon was eventually satisfied that a miracle had, in fact, occurred and was celebrated with bells were rung and a masses said Bishop John de Grandisson (1327-1369) attempted to ensure that at least the chief officers of the college, the precentor and the treasurer, were resident in the immediate area of the church. He also tried (in 1334) to improve the quality of worship in the church by introducing 4 secondary clerks (with adult voices) and 4 choristers who between them were able to provide polyphonic music both for the college and the congregation. Grandisson then improved the status of the parochial vicar, effectively the administrator of the parish , by taking his appointment into diocesan hands and greatly increasing his income. By the end of the 14c the occupant of that post had become “Dean” of Crediton and by 1409, was himself retaining a parish chaplain. Grandisson also revived the cult of St Boniface underlining that this was where he was born..There were a large number of clerical deaths during the Black Death of 1348/9, and probably around half of all priests died. Records indicate that before the Plague, a full complement of canons, vicars and choir members existed in Holy Cross, but that after the mid-14c, filling any vacancies became a great deal more difficult. Through a large part of the 14c the building , especially the nave, is described as being in a state of disrepair, but it was not until a number of bequests were given in early 15c that repairs could be started. One came from Canon William Langeton, a close relative of Bishop Stafford, and a Prebendary of Crediton, who died in 1413 and whose brass is next to Stafford’s tomb in Exeter Cathedral. In his will he described the nave as being “now nearly levelled to the ground.” His bequest, and others of around the same time, brought enough money for a complete rebuilding of the nave and to fund the Perpendicular Gothic rebuilding of the chancel areas . Along with other collegiate churches , Crediton was “surrendered” to Henry VIII in May 1545 who in the September following granted it to Sir Thomas Darcy, who returned them to Henry in August, 1546 in exchange for lands elsewhere.Shortly afterwards in early 1547 the parishioners paid £200 to the King to purchase the collegiate church that was then threatened with demolition . The clergy being pensioned off. Edward VI granted a charter in 1547 establishing a corporation of 12 secular Governors to administer the lands and tithes, the 'secular' aspect of church government. Thus the church became a parish church with Governors independent of the Bishop of Exeter in temporal matters.A vicar of Crediton was appointed and together with two chaplains, one of whom ministered to the adjoining parish of Sandford.A new free grammar school was established, the master of which to be appointed by the governors. The school first occupied the Lady Chapel and remained there until 1860, when purpose-built school buildings were opened at the top of the High Street.As with so many other “livings” – called prebends in medieval times – before the Reformation and after, holders were allowed to be absent from the church, so that only a few of the canons ever actually lived in Crediton, although all the vicars did so. Their dwellings were sited to the north of the church and were only demolished in the mid 19c . The college had its own officers, its own church court, and eventually, closer to the Reformation, its own rural dean.The 12 governors of Crediton Parish Church still own and administer the church buildings. Only two other parish churches in England, Ottery St Mary in Devon and Wimborne in Dorset have a similar form of governance.From 1547 to 1553 iconoclasm peaked and an enormous number of treasures were either damaged or lost – anything which carried an image of a human being, especially one of a saint or Our Lady, was likely to be vandalised. Three inventories were made in the first sixty years of the 1500’s, a partial one in 1524, well before the Dissolution of the Collegiate Church, one in 1545 (at the Dissolution) and another one in 1559, when Protestant Elizabeth followed Catholic Mary , Comparing these 3 lists shows how much was lost, particularly in paintings, plate, jewellery and embroidered clergy vestments.The church is a cruciform building consisting of choir, with aisles, Lady Chapel at the east end, nave with clerestory, north and south aisles, transepts, central tower with 8 bells, and south porch with parvise, now used as a library. To the east of the south transept is a porch and vestry with rooms over, one of which known as the Governors' Room.On the south side of the choir is a three seat sedilia built of Beer stone which retains its ancient colour, , but is "shockingly mutilated" www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/hnaA4Z89E0At the back of the sedilia probably part of the original structure, is a recess for a tomb with rich carving .which may have been the gift and tomb of a precentor or dean. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/4PE14f0n96On the north side of the chancel are two 17c monuments;One to Sir William Periam 1605 , Chief Baron of the Exchequer who retired to Fulford, now Shobrooke Park nearby. The other to John Tuckfield 1630 of Fulford, who came into possession here after the death of Sir William Periam. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/ygNC98P16yAt the east of the south chancel aisle, removed here from the north transept, is the tomb of Sir John Sully and his wife; Sir John fought at Halidon Hill [1333], at the Siege of Berwick [1334], and in the battles of Crécy [1346], Poitiers [1356], etc. dying at the age of 105 at Iddesleigh in 1387 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/17L9F3G6f4Underneath the east window of the north aisle is a very fine carved early 16c oak chest, restored to the church in 1901, after having been for some years in Trobridge Manor House. flic.kr/p/9obELi The front is divided into five panels, , the central panel with carving representing the Adoration of the Magi,On the south side of the south choir aisle is an addition to the church in the form of a porch and vestry on the ground floor, with the Governor's Room above. In the porch is an old money box with 3 locks, and on the north side of the door is a double piscina. The Governor's Room, reached by a circular flight of steps, has some old armour suspended from the massive oak beams, and on each side of the fireplace are old riding boots, probably dating from the time of the Commonwealth The font is Norman with a square top on a thick central shaft with smaller shafts at the corners, now topped with a carved oak cover given by the Dart family in 1908. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/33x65y80GzTowards the end of the 18c the medieval wooden vault of the nave and choir was rotting from neglect, and in 1788 this was replaced by plastered ceilings.A major restoration in Victorian times (by John Hayward) was spread over 40 years; when the nave was given a completely new tie-beam roof with vertical struts, and the chancel something shallower. At the same time a great deal of the interior stonework was refurbished by stripping the medieval plaster and detailed re-pointing.c 1911 a memorial of mosaic, figure & heraldry sculptures was inserted over the eastern arch of the nave by W D Caroe, in memory of : General Sir Redvers Buller VC www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/Wj59d4W13iThe registers date: baptisms, 1558; marriages, 1558; burials, 1557.Andrew Abbott CCL www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2665518 |
| 撮影日 | 2011-06-06 15:29:11 |
| 撮影者 | jmc4 - Church Explorer |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | Mid Devon District, England, UK 地図 |