Watervale. The entrance gates to Hughes Park estate. Developed by Sir Walter Watson Hughes who was the major investor in Moonta and Wallaroo copper mines. : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Watervale. The entrance gates to Hughes Park estate. Developed by Sir Walter Watson Hughes who was the major investor in Moonta and Wallaroo copper mines. / denisbin
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-改変禁止 2.1 |
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| 説明 | Sir Walter Watson Hughes. Walter Watson Hughes was born in 1803 in Scotland in Pittenweem near St Andrews in Fife. He was one of around seven children of humble origins. According to family legend his parents had run out of boys names so when the post man came they asked his name. He said he was Walter Watson so they named their new son Walter Watson Hughes. He started life as a fisherman and in his early teens he went to sea, worked hard, saved well and eventually bought his own ship the brig Hero in Calcutta in 1829 when he was just 26 years old. He then traded in Asia including the opium trade from Calcutta to China. He established close bonds with his group of sailors on the Hero. He settled in Adelaide in 1841 and married Sophia Richmond later that year and assisted his crew from the Hero to return to England, gather their families and emigrate to SA. Whilst working for a mercantile company he began sheep farming in the Adelaide Hills and amassed some money and a flock of sheep. The workers on his Macclesfield property were all the former sailors of the Hero. In 1843 he also took out a leasehold run of 16 square miles near Wilmington with a flock of 6,000 sheep. In 1846 he took out leasehold lands by the Hummock Ranges and across to the Broughton Plains. In April 1846 he acquired a new leasehold at Hoyleton along the edge of the Clare Hills called The Peak west of Skillogalee Creek. In 1851 he also took out a small mining lease on Yorke Peninsula as he had been running sheep there with his brother-in-law John Duncan. In 1857 he took over the Wallaroo run there from Robert Miller adjoining the Point Riley run held by Edward Stirling. He then organised a great trek of his flock, his workers and their families from Macclesfield to Wallaroo. He instructed his shepherds to look for minerals. Wallaroo was managed by John Duncan as Hughes mainly resided at The Peak. One shepherd John Boor discovered copper at Wallaroo in 1860. Hughes took out mining leases but others soon rushed to the area and also took out mining leases, especially in the area that became Kadina. Hughes became the largest shareholder in his Wallaroo Mining Company which was originally known as Wandilta Mines. In June 1860 the first ship load of copper ore was taken to Port Adelaide at a cost of 8 shillings a ton. By comparison transport of ore from Burra cost 50 shillings per ton at that time. The Wallaroo ores were 20 to 30 % pure copper but some ore were up to 50% pure copper. Bricks and mining equipment was unloaded at Wallaroo for Hughes in September 1860 and over 20 men were working his mines. In August 1860 Hughes visited Burra to entice Cornish miners to Wallaroo. By November 1860 the mine was being worked in conjunction with Elders Stirling and Company (Thomas Elder, Robert Barr Smith, John Taylor and Edward Stirling). Hughes’ early start was not popular with other mining lease holders. Then to further sully Walter Watson Hughes’s reputation another shepherd Patrick Ryan in May 1861 found copper on Hughes leasehold run at what was to become Moonta. This was the mine that produced great wealth and saved and made the fortunes of Hughes and Elder Smith and Co as many believed the Wallaroo mine alone would have bankrupted them all. Ryan tried to register his mining claim but was too drunk to remember where it was. Hughes then used skulduggery and cunning and registered four mining leases on the next day after Ryan had tried to register one. Some of Ryan’s partners were ready to register the claim the next day but they were “pipped at the post”. When Hughes heard of Ryan’s unsuccessful claim he sent one of his men on horseback overnight to get to the Surveyor General’s Office first before Ryan’s partners. Hughes also had Ryan sign an agreement with him. Hughes also registered a further 26 buffer zone mining rights as well. Some later claimed Hughes had no moral or legal right to these Moonta mining rights but after years of court appeals and legal fighting the Privy Council in England ruled in favour of Hughes. During the legal fight Hughes returned to live in England from 1864 to 1870. The establishment of the Moonta Mine was life changing for all the five major investors. It was the first mine to return a profit of one million pounds. Once it was operational Hughes bought Torrens Park House, built a grand mansion to replace his simple stone cottage on Hughes Park at Watervale, sailed back to England for a few years, took up leased lands near Lake Eyre and acquired large freehold estates at Watervale and Gum Creek. In Wallaroo he built the first copper smelter in 1861 followed by other furnaces as the Moonta mines grew. Mining operations at Moonta were complex and some shafts exceeded 700 metres in depth. This created problems with water (and heat for the miners) so large pump houses were required such as the Hughes Engine House which still stands, albeit in ruins. The Moonta mine lasted for over sixty years. The Copper Triangle became the largest population centre outside of Adelaide by the 1870s. In the first year of operations the Moonta Mine produced over £100,000 profit. But it had another sixty years of operations after that!Was Walter Watson Hughes the father of 19th century Aboriginal leader John Sansbury? Walter Watson Hughes worked on leaseholds on Yorke Peninsula from the mid-1840s. He also took out leasehold runs in 1851 at Hoyleton and then Wallaroo in 1857. He never built a substantial homestead on his Wallaroo run which was run by his brother-in-law John Duncan as he lived at The Peak. According to Narrunga oral genealogy John Sansbury who was born in 1854 to “King Tommy” and “Queen Mary” leader of all the clans on Yorke Peninsula was actually the biological son of Walter Watson Hughes but it was more likely he was the biological son of his alcoholic and renegade brother who was in the colony on Hughes Yorke Peninsula runs for a few years in the 1850s before Walter Watson Hughes sent him back to Scotland. Walter Watson Hughes never acknowledged any biological descendants. When John Sansbury married in a church in 1874 he only listed his father as King Tommy. Presumably this church was at Point Pearce Aboriginal Mission which was established in 1868. A group of nondenominational missionaries led by the Moravians had started mission work with the Aborigines near the copper mines of Moonta in 1867. Walter Watson Hughes gave a pension for life to King Tommy as compensation for his lands and King Tommy’s help in the discovery of copper. There is a poor quality photograph of John Sansbury in the 1870s which show some resemblance to Walter Watson Hughes or his brother, but we will never know if this is merely accidental. The Hughes name was also taken up by other Narrung people which was very common in the 19th century when Aboriginal people adopted the name of any white person that they worked for. We do know that Walter Watson Hughes and his wife Sophia never had any children of their own. Consequently when he died Hughes left his South Australian freehold lands – Hughes Park at Watervale and Gum Creek station near Booborowie and parts of his fortune to his nephew in South Australia – Sir John Duncan the son of Hughes’ sister who was married to John Duncan. Sir Walter Watson Hughes was buried near his London home in Chertsey, Surrey as was his wife Sophia who died in 1885. Hughes died on New Year’s Day 1887. He was knighted in 1880 for his services and philanthropy to South Australia. Apart from the University he was a substantial donor to the Presbyterian Church which was in Flinders Street. His memorial window in that church donated by his nephew John Duncan was moved to Scots Church North Terrace after the Flinders Street Church was sold to the YMCA in 1956. In 1860 he also donated copper ore specimens to the Gawler museum. When Walter Watson Hughes and Sophia Hughes returned to England in 1874 they both had their portraits painted in London by Miss Margaret Thomas. Hughes and the University of Adelaide. The origins of the University of Adelaide go back to the Union College founded in 1871 as a theological college for Presbyterian, Baptist and Congregational churches. When seeking funds for the College the tutors (all church ministers) met with Sir Walter Watson Hughes who had made his fortune as an investor in copper mines and pastoralism. He told them he had £20,000 to £30,000 available for education. This was too much money for the Union College to handle so they considered a secular university. Bishop Short of the Anglican Church was invited to preside over a committee to seek legislative support and more funds for the foundation of a university. This new association accepted a donation of £20,000 from Sir Walter Watson Hughes in 1872. The association requested a grant of four to five acres of land from the government on North Terrace and £10,000 in cash provided the same amount was raised by public subscription. The parliament passed agreeing legislation in 1874 with the Adelaide University Act. With the enactment of this legislation the association dissolved itself and a University Council was created. At the first meeting of the new University Council Bishop Short was elected as Vice Chancellor with the Chief Justice Sir Richard Davies as Chancellor. Bishop Short gave the inaugural address of the university in 1876 appealed for more donations to start the university buildings although Hughes and Sir Thomas Elder had both donated £20,000 to the university by that time. George Five Angas had also donated generously to the new university. The first degrees were conferred in 1877. Tenders were accepted the construction of the university buildings in 1879 and the first buildings opened in 1880 with the last buildings finished in 1882. The buildings had cost over £34,000. Often regarded as the founder of the university because of he donated the first grant in 1872 Sir Walter Watson Hughes’s statue sits outside the Mitchell Building. An early bust of Sir Walter Watson Hughes was also sent from London to the University in 1885 so that students would know what Hughes looked like. A full statue of Hughes was donated to the university by his nephews John Duncan and Walter Hughes Duncan in November 1906 with the sculpture commission going to F. J. Williamson. Among those present at the unveiling ceremony were the Premier Tom Price, The Chief Justice Sir Samuel Way and Hughes’ nephew the Honourable John Duncan Member of the Legislative Council who was later Sir John Duncan. In 1871 John Duncan had entered SA parliament representing the district of Wallaroo and he stayed in parliament for over 40 years representing Wallaroo and the mid north districts around Watervale. John Duncan lived at Hughes Park and had Strathspey at Springfield built as his city home in 1899. Fittingly Sir John Duncan served on the Council of the University of Adelaide from 1911 to 1913. On his death in 1913 Strathspey was donated it the Presbyterian Church and it became St Andrews Residential College of the University of Adelaide. The Presbyterian Church sold Strathspey as a private residence in 1935. Since 1953 it has been part of Mercedes College. Opposite the University is Scots Church and Sir Walter Watson Hughes’ nephews donated a stained glass window in his honour to the Flinders Street Presbyterian Church. When this was demolished in 1956 the window was removed to Scots Presbyterian Church. Other major donors from the 19th century to the University of Adelaide were Sir Thomas Elder £100,000 and John Howard Angas £15,000. Walter Watson Hughes was knighted for his philanthropy by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on the 24th January 1881. Torrens Park House. This magnificent Adelaide mansion was built for Robert Richard Torrens son of Colonel Robert Torrens who was one of the Commissioners of the Colonisation Commission for SA and it was he who purchased a 134 acre section of land at Mitcham although he never visited the colony. Robert Torrens arrived in South Australia in 1841 as Collector of Customs. He later developed the Torrens title system to record land ownership and transfer which was enacted by the Real Property Act of 1858. Apart from the 134 acre section which he got from his father Robert Torrens bought several other adjoining sections adding around 120 more acres to his estate. Robert Torrens built Torrens Park house as his home in 1853 as a fine Gothic two storey mansion with a fine tower. The ground floor contained just three bedrooms and a maid’s room, a ballroom, drawing room, dining room, breakfast room, library and servant’s quarters and a kitchen etc. Torrens offered to sell the house to Walter Watson Hughes in 1865 and Hughes’ agent took possession that year but then Torrens changed his mind and finally settled the sale in January 1866. Hughes bought the entire 245 acres of the estate. But at that time he and his wife were living in England. They return to Torrens Park House in 1870. Walter Hughes then commissioned architect Edward Woods to make substantial alterations to the house. Apart from the house commodious stables, coach house and other offices were erected too. The main additions of the Hughes’ era were a new east wing attached to the eastern side of the house and it contained a new dining room, a breakfast room and a new kitchen. The western wing was also extended with a large billiard room added behind the ballroom and a further eight large rooms for servants. The upper floor was also extended over the single storey parts of the original house. The additional upper eastern wing added three more bedrooms and a bathroom including a new large main bedroom. The upper western wing above the ballroom added three more bedrooms with gable windows facing west and a second bathroom. A painting done by R.E Minchin in 1872 showed the additions. In 1872 the Hughes’s also oversaw extensive new planting mainly of grand trees including hedges of olives and hawthorns, cedars and several varieties of Araucarias. They undoubtedly maintained the extensive orange groves around the lake and weir on Brownhill Creek. At the same time a new western gate house was erected in 1872 to complement the eastern gate house which provided access from Mitcham Villager Green and Mitcham Road which is now Fullarton Road. That eastern gate house in Gothic style was built around 1858. Curiously one of the stone masons who worked on the additions to the house was Edward Sleep one of the original sailors who worked under Hughes on the ship the Hero and who later worked on Hughes’ sheep properties! Walter Watson Hughes sold Torrens Park House to Robert and Joanna Barr Smith in June of 1874. Although Walter and Sophia Hughes returned to England in early 1873 just before they left Torrens Park House Sophia’s sister Olive Richman married the Governor of South Australia Sir James Fergusson in March 1873. His first wife had died in 1871. Sir James Fergusson completed his term as SA Governor in April 1873. One of the Hughes’ last events at Torrens Park House was to host the annual United Oddfellows picnic in 1874. Later that year Torrens Park House as sold to Robert Barr Smith. The estate was finally sold to the Presbyterian Church in 1920 for the establishment of Scotch College which still owns the estate. Hughes Park near Watervale. The first white pastoralist to have a leasehold over the land on the western edge of the Clare Valley was Walter Watson Hughes in 1851 called the Peak. His grand estate Hughes Park was established near Watervale and Skillogalee Creek in 1861. Hughes searched for copper in the hills on the edge of the Clare Valley but without success. The property he bought near Watervale was called Dalore which Hughes renamed. A fine stone cottage was on the property dating from the 1840s but Hughes was a wealthy man and so he had a grand mansion built here around 1862/3. Hughes built a large single storey dwelling with 72 acres of clipped lawn and a four acre clipped olive hedge garden. After Hughes’ return to England his nephew John Duncan lived here. In his youth Duncan had received part of his education at Stanley Grammar School in Watervale. In 1875 Hughes Park was given to John Duncan to occupy and Duncan enlarged and added a second storey to the mansion in 1900 with fine stone work and a three storey tower. John Duncan inherited Hughes Park in 1887 when Sir Walter Watson Hughes died. An ancestor of John Duncan still runs Hughes Park as a sheep property and wedding venue. The original stone cottage built at Hughes Park around 1845 is now available from bed and breakfast guests. John Duncan and his brother Walter Duncan inherited the grand Gum Creek estate beyond Clare too. Hughes placed his nephew Sir John Duncan in charge of Gum Creek (as well as the finances of the Moonta and Wallaroo mines) and Duncan eventually inherited the station of 50,000 acres in 1888. In 1871 Hughes donated £1 for every £2 raised by the Bible Christians of Watervale to pay off the mortgage for the erection of their church in 1867. Hughes also allowed the Adelaide Hunt to sometimes use Hughes Park for their hunt meeting. Sir Walter Watson Hughes owned Torrens Park House for some year which is now Scotch College. He gave the initial donation of £20,000 to found the University of Adelaide. He was a generous benefactor to other institutions too as he made a fortune from his Wallaroo and Moonta copper mining companies and smelters. Walter Watson Hughes and his wife Sophia never had any children of their own. Consequently when he died Hughes left his South Australian freehold lands – Hughes Park at Watervale and Gum Creek station near Booborowie and parts of his fortune to his nephew in South Australia – Sir John Duncan the son of Hughes’ sister who was married to John Duncan. Sir Walter Watson Hughes was buried near his London home in Chertsey, Surrey as was his wife Sophia who died in 1885. Hughes died on New Year’s Day 1887.Moonta Mines and the Hughes Enginehouse. After the May 1861 race between Hughes’ man William Horn and Patrick Ryan and his associates to register the Moonta mining lease a lengthy legal process began for the validation of Walter Watson Hughes’ mining rights to the site. Although the legal battle was not settled until 1864 Hughes acted quickly and formed the Tipara Mineral Association, later the Moonta Mining association, with himself, Edward Stirling, John Taylor, Robert Barr Smith, (Sir)Thomas Elder, G Waterhouse and G. Hall. Hundreds of Cornish miners were attracted to the town directly from Cornwall although some came from Kapunda. The government resumed some parts of Hughes’ pastoral lease to lay out the towns of Kadina and the port of Wallaroo. Moonta was surveyed and town blocks sold in April 1863. As they sold quickly most Moonta settlers lived in cottages and shanties on the mining leasehold lands in settlements such as Hamley Flat, Moonta Mines, Yelta, Cross Roads etc. By 1870 the population of Moonta reached 10,000 people with 6,000 on the mining lease lands. Coal was shipped in to the Moonta mines from Newcastle as it was needed to fire the boiler houses and the water pumps for the mine. The copper lodes were up to 700 metres below the surface although most worked lodes were less than 300 metres below the surface and the main lodes were named Elder’s lode, Elder West lode, Beddomes lode, Greens lode and Fergusson lode. Each lode had one or more deep shafts with the main ones being Washington’s shaft, Stirling’s shaft, Taylor’s shaft and Hughes’ shaft etc. There were a number of enginehouses across Moonta mines Hughes’s, Richman’s and Elder’s. Hughes enginehouse had Smith’s (Robert Barr Smith), Hughes, Elders, Duncan and Bennetts shafts nearby. Next to the enginehouse was the boilerhouse which created steam for the enginehouse which pumped water out of the deep shafts. Nearby was a winching house to winch items and miners down the shafts but mainly to bring ore to the surface. Nearby were the settling tanks for water pumped from the shafts, the concentration plant and the crushing plant. These processes and structures were needed near most mine shafts. Also near Hughes enginehouse were the stables and the workshops for the repair and in some cases manufacture of equipment etc. 300 men and boys were employed in Hughes workshops alone. The Hughes’ engine house serviced Smith’s, Waterhouse’s and Elder’s shafts and others and it was primarily responsible to pumping water out of mine shafts. Hughe’s 60 inch Cornish beam pumping engine was installed in a fine stone building in 1865 and it operated continuously without any major break down from then until the mine closure in 1923. It required constant works to keep fire up to the boilers. It could pump water from a depth of 700 metres (2,500 feet) with four strokes of the pump a minute. Near this main shaft were workshops, the mine offices, the manager’s residence (Captain Hancock) etc. In other areas of the mine works were the brick kiln, the assay office, the powder magazine, processing plants and several major areas for the tailings debris bought to the surface from the mine shafts. The Hughes enginehouse was built of limestone and still remains but without the pump. Near it are the ruins of Elder’s enginehouse and the Hughes water pool or reservoir. Captain Hancock managed the Hughes’ mines from 1864 to 1898. Under his management the mine grew quickly with 1,200 men and boys employed as early as 1865. |
| 撮影日 | 2021-09-23 15:31:13 |
| 撮影者 | denisbin |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | |
| カメラ | DSC-HX90V , SONY |
| 露出 | 0.003 sec (1/320) |
| 開放F値 | f/3.5 |