Lawrence Experiment Station Staff (1953) : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Lawrence Experiment Station Staff (1953) / Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示 2.1 |
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| 説明 | AppendixCondensed Listing of Major Research Projects Undertaken at the Experiment Station1886-1953Since the Experiment Station has been established more than a thousand research studies have been undertaken, some of them continuing for many years. These studies have been principally in relation to water, sewage and industrial waste treatment together with basic bacteriological studies in regard to water, sewage and shellfish. The results of the research work have been published in the annual reports of the Department. The following list summarizes some of the major research projects that were undertaken by the Experiment Station during the past 67 years:Septic TanksSHAPE — to determine the effectiveness of round versus rectangular septic tanks. DEPTH — to determine the optimum depth of septic tanks with various hydraulic loadings.SLUDGE DEPTH—to determine the rate of accumulation of sludge and its effect upon the operation of septic tanks. COMPARTMENTATION — the effectiveness of single versus multiple compartment septic tanks.SEEDING — Effectiveness of adding yeast or other seeding materials to septic tanks. BAFFLES — to determine the effectiveness of over and under baffles, around the end baffles and submerged inlet and outlet structures. DETENTION TIME — TO determine the optimum size of septic tanks for various loadings. pH CONTROL — Effects of maintaining pH values within specific ranges on quality of effluent. CHEMICAL TREATMENT — to determine effectiveness of various chemicals for cleaning or in the operation of septic tanks.TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT — Studies of methods of treatment of the effluent by means of subsurface sand and stone filters, aeration and chemical precipitation.Use of Contact FiltersTIME OF CONTACT — to determine the optimum times of contact and resting. PRETREATMENT — to determine the effectiveness of pretreatment in the operation of contact filters.MEDIUM — to determine the optimum size and porosity of contact media; also, to determine the character of biological growth, unloading and clogging of filters.STAGE OPERATION — to determine the effect of multiple stage operation on the character of the effluent.Water TreatmentSLOW SAND FILTERS — to determine the efficiency of slow sand filters to remove bacteria, color, sediment and such chemicals as iron and manganese.INTERMITTENT SAND FILTERS — to determine the relative efficiency of intermittent versus continuous operation of sand filters.PRETREATMENT — Effect of plain sedimentation, chemical precipitation and various means of aeration on efficiency of sand filters to remove bacteria, color and chemical constituents,ADDITION OF CHEMICALS TO SAND FILTERS — to determine the effectiveness of various coagulants, bactericides and zeolites to alter the character of water passing through sand filters.STAGE OPERATION — to determine the effectiveness of two-stage filtration.ROUGHING FILTERS — Effectiveness of coal, coke, ashes, cinders, marble dust and iron filings to remove bacteria and various chemical constituents.DISINFECTION — Effectiveness of chlorine, chloramines) ultra-violet light and ultrasonic frequencies for disinfection of water supplies.PRESSURE FILTERS — to determine the efficiency of pressure filters, with and without pretreatment, for the removal of bacteria and various chemical constituents.ODOR CONTROL — efficiency of activated carbon and chlorine dioxide for the removal of tastes and odors.ZEOLITES — to determine the efficiencies of various natural zeolites and synthetic resins for the removal of color, hardness, iron, and manganese.STORAGE — to determine the effectiveness of storage to remove bacteria and color.RAPID SAND FILTRATION — to determine the optimum rate of filtration for the removal of sediment, color and bacteria.IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL — use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, coke and sand filters for removal of iron and manganese; also, studies to determine the effectiveness of recycling a precipitated sludge to catalyze further manganese removal.CORROSION CONTROL — use of marble chips, lime, soda ash, and hexametaphosfate to prevent corrosion of metal pipe.MiscellaneousIMHOFF TANKS — to determine the effectiveness of two- and three-level settling tanks.AERATION — to determine the effectiveness of various methods such as spray nozzles, trickling filters, dash plates, mechanical stirrers, compressed air and photosynthesis to provide oxygen for various purposes.FLOTATION — to determine effectiveness of various methods of providing air to float greases and suspended solids to the surface for removal as a sludge, TOXICITY — to determine toxic levels as a guide to rates of recirculation or dilution for treatment of domestic, sewage and industrial wastes. CARBONATION — to determine the efficiency of carbon dioxide and/or flue gas to neutralize various industrial wastes, ACCLIMATION OF BACTERIA — Studies of the adaptability of bacteria to various toxic media such as phenols, formaldehydes and other toxic chemicals. B.O.D, DETERMINATIONS — Studies of methods to determine the B.O.D. of toxic wastes. DISSOLVED OXYGEN — Study of polarographic methods of determining dissolved oxygen.B.O.D. REACTION COEFFICIENTS — a study of polarographic methods of determining residual and the dissolved oxygen content in a single B.O.D. sample after various periods of incubation. PERCOLATION — studies of rates of percolation of settled sewage in soils of various characters.SEDIMENTATION — to determine rates of sedimentation of particles of various sizes. |
| 撮影日 | 2009-09-28 12:09:50 |
| 撮影者 | Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | Lawrence, Massachusetts, United States 地図 |