Wongulla. The Murray River cliffs near Walker Flat. : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Wongulla. The Murray River cliffs near Walker Flat. / denisbin
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-改変禁止 2.1 |
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| 説明 | Wongulla and Walker Flat.This area of the Murray is the first area of major archaeological excavation and study in Australia and although we will not visit the two main sites- Devon Downs and Fromms Landing they are landmark studies in Australian archaeology. Devon Downs is just north of Wongulla at Kroehens Landing on the eastern bank of the Murray and Fromms Landing is just south of Walker Flat. Both areas are now protected Aboriginal Heritage Sites. Devon Downs is a rock shelter containing engravings on the cave walls and middens in the sand. Devon Downs was excavated in 1929 by Norman Tindale of the SA Museum. It was done 20 years before carbon dating existed but using freshwater mussel samples the cave was dated to 5,000 years before present. Stone pirri points and other artefacts were also discovered in the layers of sand beneath the middens or camp fire spots. The shelter was used most extensively between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Some Aboriginal graves were also found in the shelter and the rock art and engravings were dated to about 3,000 years ago. Fromms Landing was excavated by John Mulvaney in the 1950s and reported in 1963. It was carbon dating showing that it had a history similar to that of Devon Downs thus confirming Devon Downs history as well. Notable finds at Fromms Landing were a 3,000 year old dingo skeleton, evidence of a huge Murray River flood 3,000 years ago and engravings of bird’s tracks and linear markings. Fromms Landing was excavated to a depth of 16 feet. As Norman Tindale once said:” there are only two Aboriginal camp sites along the Murray – the east bank and the west bank.” When Tindale did his 1929 excavation and reported his results in 1930 it debunked the then commonly accepted theory that Aboriginal people were very recent arrivals to Australia. These days Aboriginal occupation has been stretched back to around 60,000 years ago. Shell Hill, which overlooks the Marne River near where it enters the Murray River was formed about 5 million years ago. It is composed almost entirely of oyster shells which were laid down as this piece of land was sinking. Over thousands of years the hill became very high. A crushing plant was built near it in the 1930s and the shells were crushed for use by farmers with their applications of superphosphate to their wheat paddocks. This was stopped in 1946 and the area since the 1970s has been a government reserve. It is a fascinating spot with great views.Walker Flat was named after Benjamin Walker who had a flourmill in Mannum and took up pastoral lease land here. The pastoral lands were surveyed for closer settlement in the late 1870s and farmers arrived in the district around that time but the town was not declared until 1889. Across the River Murray the Hundred of Forster was declared in 1883 when farmers began to settle east of the Murray. In 1887 local residents petitioned the government for a punt or ferry service across the river at a time when the settlements of Walker Flat and Forster were developing. A district council was formed for the district in the 1880s and a small council chamber built. Approval was finally given for the punt in 1892 but in 1897 some ten years after the first request was made to the government the town was still without a punt. The punt was finally built around 1900 as the first repairs were done in 1906. There are a couple of historic buildings of note in Walker Flat. They are the old community hall (the old Institute built in 1902) which housed the Forster/ Walker Flat School which operated from 1914 to 1958 and St John’s Lutheran Church which was started in 1904 and opened in 1905. This Lutheran Church at Forster was almost next door to the 1888 built Primitive Methodist Church at Forster which was just to the south of it. It closed in the 1890s and may exist as a farm store room today. Forster also had the early Post Office. Black Hill/Friendensthal.In March of 1838 Joseph Hawdon and Charles Bonney camped on what is now the Marne River after overlanding the first cattle to SA from NSW. German mineralogist Johann Menge followed in 1839 when he named this river which rises in the Barossa Valley near Mt Pleasant the Rhine River. A tributary which rises near Keyneton he named the North Rhine. Both names were changed by Act of Parliament in 1917 and they became the Marne and the Somme respectively. The tiny settlement of Black Hill sits beside the Marne River. It the early 1840s C. King of Kings Station took out a pastoral lease which covered all this area across to Black Hill and the Murray River. His station down here was called Kongolia Station. The Hundred of Ridley was declared for this area in 1860. Later in the early 1870s a farmer subdivided part of his farm to create the settlement of Friedensthal or Valley of Peace. The town was established in 1890. Most of the early settlers here came from the Barossa Valley or Springton. The name was changed in 1917 to Black Hill after the nearby black granite quarries. A small Lutheran Church was built in 1891 only to be replaced with a solid stone structure in 1898. It closed in 2001. A small post Office opened in 1891 and operated until the 1990s and a pug school room was built in 1894. After the tin and iron district hall was built in 1912 and the school was transferred to this building but that was not until in 1919. The school stayed there until a new state school was erected in 1926. That school closed in 1945. When the school closed the building was purchased by the Congregational Church in 1953 and it operated services here until 1974. It probably began services in 1951 when it amalgamated with the Baptist Church in Sanderston. Black Hill Congregational Church (and SanderstonBaptist/Congregational) closed in 1968. The school cum Congregational Church in Black Hill became a residence in 1968. Although the existence of the black granite was known and lent its name to the town in 1917 the first quarry did not open until 1947. Now two quarries operate to mine the biotite norite a variety of granite which is usually just called black granite. One of the quarries has been owned for many years by Tillett cemetery memorials and it is a common headstone material in SA. Black Hill granite has also been used on David Jones store, Parliament House in Canberra and it is now found in cemeteries and kitchens around Australia. This granite was formed about 500 million years ago. Rhine Villa/Cambrai.Cambrai township is located in the Hundred of Angas (declared 1860) and was laid out as a town by Abel Skinner a German farmer in 1882. The pastoral land here, once leased by George Melrose of Rosebank, was surveyed into farms in 1866. Captain Abel Skinner had a two gable villa house hence the name for his town which was just north of the Rhine River (now the Marne). That house was later demolished and the site became the town oval. After the 1917 Nomenclature Act it was called Cambrai. The Battle of Cambrai in 1917 allowed the British to open up the German lines but not for long. The battle was a stalemate like so many World War One battles. A second Battle of Cambrai in 1918 was a victory for the allies. Even after the War the name of Cambrai was kept as the district was settled by both German and English background settlers. Cambrai prospered once Bagot Shakes and Lewis established livestock saleyards here in 1906 and the spur rail line was built from Monarto to Cambrai and Sedan in 1919. (The line closed to passengers in 1964 and the last grain train was in 1995.) Among the significant buildings in Rhine Villa were the following:the Institute built in 1891 on land donated by the local pastoral family of George Melrose from Rosebank near Mt Pleasant - it was replaced by a new Institute in 1913; the District Council Offices about 1885; the Cambrai Hotel built 1883 and modernised in 1920s; an early general store built 1882 – it closed in 1962 and latterly became a Red Cross Opportunity Shop; the Mickan foundry, wagon maker and blacksmith workshops – started 1886 and closed 1959 and demolished 10 years later – it employed around 20 men before World War One; the state school building which was erected in 1912 but a school was held elsewhere including the Institute since 1895; the Congregational Church was built in 1926 on land donated by the publican but the congregation used the Institute as a church from 1892 until then; a new Congregational church hall was erected in 1957 and a new Uniting church in 1981; St John’s Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1911( after the Lutheran congregation split) on land donated by Gottlob Laube. It closed in 1967 when it amalgamated with Hope Lutheran Church and the church was then purchased as a museum in 1971; Hope Lutheran Church (Hoffnungs Kirche) was built in 1904 after a group broke away from Rheinthal Lutheran Church outside of the town – Rheinthal Lutheran was built in 1876 – the Hope Lutheran became St John’s Lutheran upon amalgamation in 1967 whereupon a new lobby or nathrex was added in 1968 and it is the current Cambrai Lutheran Church. The Cambrai Agricultural Museum in the former Lutheran Church has some fascinating exhibits including a pioneer shepherd’s cottage built in the 1850s of George Melrose’ estate. |
| 撮影日 | 2017-05-28 14:54:07 |
| 撮影者 | denisbin |
| タグ | |
| 撮影地 | |
| カメラ | DSC-HX90V , SONY |
| 露出 | 0.003 sec (1/320) |
| 開放F値 | f/5.0 |