Seven centuries in Irlam and Cadishead. : 無料・フリー素材/写真
Seven centuries in Irlam and Cadishead. / Irlam,Cadishead,Rixton with Glazebrook old photos
| ライセンス | クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承 2.1 |
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| 説明 | Cadishead and Irlam Guardian, Jan 2nd, 1970, at Cad Lib.Seven centuries in Irlam and Cadishead.In any thriving industrial community a sense of history and past development is often lost under the pressure and utilitarianism of modern life. Few monuments stand in the district today to serve as a reminder of deeds and actions of ages past,although it was a background of nearly a thousand years,containing many historic moments.In this article we trace various aspects of the development of Irlam and Cadishead and it's village neighbour of Hollins Green, with the transition of the twin towns from two tiny villages to their present staus as a single prosperous industrial community.For obvious reasons the River Irwell gives it's name to Irlam, a name which was much easier to understand several hundred years ago when the place was called Irwellham. The name really means the "village on the Irwell," because the ending of Irlam comes from the Old English "ham" meaning a village, dwelling or manor. The old village had many spellings including "Urwilham." "Urewilham", and (in 1277) "Irrewilham".Cadishead has today lost it's regal glory, but the name remains to remind us that here was the seat of a famous British King.It is not easy to see in Cadishead the early 13th century name of Cadwalestate which means 'the seat of Cadwalla', but there is little doubt about it's authenticity, Cadwalla died as long ago as 634 but his reputation had spread far and wide as an enemy of the Northumbrians.In the records of 1329 the place was easily identified with the king in the name of Cadwallisete or Cadwalesate. In 1402 it had changed its name to the ungainly one of Cadwallesneved, and developed later through Cadeswallhead, Cadiswillhead in the 18th century, to Cadeshead a little later to eventually become Cadishead.Neolithic.One of the first traces of the presence of ancient inhabitants in Irlam and Cadishead was found earlier this (20th) century when excavations were being made for the foundation of a power house for the Partington Steel and Iron Company at Irlam. In this section at a point 32ft from the surface, a flat disc-shaped, water-worn implement,apparently of coal measure sandstone was discovered.An expert on the subject Mr T.R. Morrow believed the implement to belong to the neolithic age,thus indicating that the find at Irlam belongs to the earliest phase of their occupation in Lancashire by neolithic man.The early inhabitants seldom ventured away from the river, and lived principally on fishing and hunting. Later these people formed part of the Setantii tribe of Britons, who occupied this part of the country. One of the best preserved examples of an ancient dug out canoe was found between Barton and Irlam during the cutting of the Manchester Ship Canal. It is now (was) at Manchester Museum (At Ordsall Hall now).Fled the Romans.By the time of the Roman occupation these people had started to settle further away from the river and had become woodland dwellers. When the Romans arrived the warlike Setantii tribe took refuge in the forests which then occupied parts of what is now Chat Moss. Evidence of the Roman presence here is given by some Roman coins found on Barton Moss which had on them the head of General Carausiuis (287-294 A.D.). Later in the dark ages, a few Viking and Danish settlers probably came to stay in the area around 900 A.D., the Vikings travelling up the River Mersey and River Glaze which were then navigable to small boats, and the Danes coming overland from the east. No relics of their occupation (at 1970) here now exist, but the best indications of their presence lies in some of the place names of this district; 'Mytholme' as in Mytholme Avenue,Cadishead is the Danish word which means 'waters meeting' i.e.; the Rivers Glaze and Mersey.The Carrs from which Carr Road comes, is Norse for 'Meadows'. It is unlikely there was any resistance by the existing dwellers on the river to the arrival of the Scandinavians and these few who stayed were probably quickly accepted in the tiny community.The Norman conquerors also came to own the lands in this area and came to live here. Their influence is felt most in the present and former names of people of the district. The well known name of 'Blundell' is of Norman origin, while 'de Trafford' is the Normanised form of the Danish name 'Tra Fordd'.Stagnation.By the middle of the 19th century however the population was really so stagnant that the level of life had fallen to a low ebb and in-breeding was rife. When the River Irwell and Mersey were'canalised' and straightened and later when the 'Ship Canal' was cut, a vicar of the time said it was a blessing the canal came through the district and brought some new blood.(I believe the author of this article is refering to a vicar who suggested the Railways and Canal work opening opportunities for new workers to move into the area and integrate with the original population, was a vicar not from the area but who was refering to Cheshire and Lancashire villages in general and not particularly Irlam and Cadishead.Maurice admin).This was the first "Irish invasion", when some of the workmen who built the Ship Canal came to live in the district. Roman Catholicism was founded in the district and from then on Irish labour spread among the farming community and an Irish colony was established on Chat Moss.With the Ship Canal came the development of engineering industry and resulted in the last significant immigration into this district - when the Scottish and Welsh iron and steelworkers and also the Wiganers were attracted to Irlam.In 1851 Irlam and Cadishead were still two villages, Cadishead had a slightly larger population of 983, while Irlam had just under 900. By 1891 the combined population of the two districts had doubled to 4,334 and by 1909 it was estimated at 6,200.Moss's influence.In itshistory of population at least, however, Irlam and Cadishead bears a remarkable likeness to the entire history of the people of Britain, ranging as it does through the Romans, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian and Norman eras and later influenced by the population movements of the first industrial revolution.Undoubtedly one of the greatest influences on the development of Irlam and Cadishead, first as separate villages and then as one town, has been the situation of Chat Moss which lies just north of the town.For many centuries the Moss was an inhospitable and dangerous place. Narrow paths, known only to the turf-cutters and other labourers who lived on its borders intersected it at various points.The moss is an immense peat bog about 12 square miles in area, a vast mass of spongy vegetable pulp resulting from the growth and decay during ages of bog-mosses. Each year's vegetation added a layer until a spongy, treacherous material would be formed, many feet in thickness and growing each year. Hence, the fact that, although a semi-fluid mass, the surface of Chat Moss rises above the level of the surrounding country.For many centuries the Moss was an inhospitable and dangerous place. Narrow paths, known only to the poor turf-cutters and other labourers who lived on its borders, intersected it at various points.Fortunes have been lost, and few gained, in attempts to bring the Moss under cultivation, and many a working man has sunk years of savings in its treacherous material. The Duke of Bridgewater, who built the Bridgewater Canal, appears to have been amongst the earliest moss-cultivators in this area. However, the Duke's agricultural operations were not pursued with the same vigour as his mining and canal building operations.The first real effort at reclamation was made in 1805 by William Roscoe, of Liverpool, on 2,000 acres of South Eastern portion. Mr Roscoe had previously had some experience in Moss cultivation while he was associated with a Mr Wakefield in reclaiming Trafford Moss. His first task was to drain and dry his land and he attempted this by draining 2,000 acres with open drains.Adversity.Mr Roscoe also laid roads running north to south and east to west extensions were built so the roads in Irlam - Astley Road (then known as Tramway Road), Roscoe Road, Cutnook Lane, Silver Street and Fiddlers Lane. Obviously it was many years before these roads made over the raw bog could carry anything but the lightest traffic.As a result of the costly and labourious experiments and also a series of adverse circumstances in agriculture at the time, Mr Roscoe's undertaking did not realise his expectations.The failure of these operations and the extreme depression in agriculture did not discourage Mr Edward Baines who, in 1821, bought 1,100 acres of Mr Roscoe's land and started improvements on a plot of 200 acres. Mr Baines became the author of a history of Lancashire, which is still widely used today by historians.Two other farmers, a Mr Evans and Mr Reid, joined Mr Baines and started to reclaim parts of the moss in Irlam. The existing roadways leading from Liverpool Road to "fringe" farms next to the moss were extended. Drainage operations continued, and the next problem was getting manure on to the drained sections to improve the productivity of the reclaimed land.Problem solved.The problem was solved when, in 1833, a railway was laid from a wharf on the bank of the River Mersey, alongside Tramway Road, across Liverpool Road and into Astley Road and continued in a northerly direction as far as the Manchester-Liverpool Railway, which was also being laid across the moss at that time.Another light railway was constructed from Boysnope Wharf, Barton Moss, across Liverpool Road and as far as Manor Farm next to the Manchester-Liverpool Railway. This light railway was known locally as "Bell's Railway" since John Bell came to Barton Moss in about 1830 and was engaged by Edward Baines on the work of reclamation on that part of Chat Moss.An account of the history of Chat Moss would be incomplete without some mention of the Manchester to Liverpool Railway which passes over the surface of the bog for about six miles. This railway, which marked the start of the railway era and was the first line to link up two large towns, was constructed between 1830 and 1836. Such names as George and Robert Stephenson, John Giles, Hutchinso and Dixon are interwoven in its history.One of the greatest opponents of the railway scheme was the Duke of Bridgewater's family, who had interests in canal transport, and had it not been for their opposition, the line would have passed through Astley, a mile nearer the village and have been straighter.However, the main difficulty appeared to be building the line and George Stephenson's plan was to make a road floating on the surface of the bog by the simple method giving it a large light basement.First high-roadThe situation of Chat Moss was certainly the most important factor in establishing the high-road from Manchester to Warrington.It was first recognised the high road at the end of the 13th century and was first referred to in a deed for a piece of land at the side of the road in 1290.Some of the earliest buildings, thatched cottages built by squatters and primitive people were put up on the outer side of the Moss next to this road and this saw the start of the "ribbon" pattern of settlement so familiar today.Towards the middle of the 18th century the road was deeply rutted and had several sharp bends and windings between Irlam Green and Irlam Hall. The road in fact followed the line of what is now Boat Lane and Ferry Road and was then known as "The Old Road".In Cadishead the road also took several detours towards theriver which for a long period remained nearer to the centre of population in the village.Cottage pointerSome idea of the direction of the road can be taken today from the thatched cottage, formerly the blacksmith's house, which now stands back from Liverpool Road near Hayes Road.It will be seen the house lies at an angle to the present road since the old road went past the front of this cottage towards Hayes Road and then turned back along Green Lane to return to its present route to Hollins Green.Important changes came in the second half of the 18th century for the development of mining and manufacturing led to the increased use of wheeled vehicles which did much harm to the unpaved highways. Road-making techniques were much improved, and instead of the parochial system of highway administration, the turnpike trusts were established to exact tolls as a means of raising funds for the improvement and maintenance of sections of the roads.Stagecoach era.The improvement in the state of roads brought about in this way made possible the start of the stagecoach era. After the completion of the Liverpool to Warrington Road in the 1760's a twice-weekly stagecoach service was started between Manchester and Liverpool.In 1774 the route for this service was changed so that the coaches travelled from Manchester through Irlam, Cadishead and Hollins Green three times a week. They did the journey from Manchester to Liverpool in a day and the inside fare for the whole journey was eight shillings. The outside fare would be less.Until 1826, however, there was only one toll bar or turnpike on this part of the Warrington-Manchester road and this was at Martinscroft. In 1826 the turnpike road from Martinscroft was extended and a toll bar was set up at Higher Irlam near to the present Irlam Urban District boundary.Disaster.After passing through the Higher Irlam Toll bar the coaches sometimes stopped at Irlam Hall and the Coach and Horses Hotel in Cadishead, which were stages for passengers to board and alight. There were also stables at the Black Swan Hotel in Hollins Green where the coach horses were changed.By that time the coaches had reached their heyday. After 1830 the railways began to drive them off the roads and the coming of the Manchester-Liverpool Railway spelt disaster for the coaches which covered the same journey.The railway was quicker and cheaper, people could travel in greater comfort and the trains were capable of handling larger quantitites of goods and larger numbers of passengers.As a result of the competition from the railways and other losses of income caused by the abolition of statute labour, the Irlam and Warrington Turnpike Trust fell into greater debt and the road had to be maintained chiefly out of local rates. In consequence of the bankrupsy of the trusts, parishioners found themselves in the position of having to maintain roads which they could not use without paying toll.A more satisfactory solution of the problem was found in the Local Government Act of 1888. The repair of all main roads was then made the responsiblity of the newly created county councils. The Lancashire County Council soon decided to class Liverpool Road as a main road and assumed responsibility for its maintainance and improvement. The situation remains the same today. The toll bar at Higher Irlam was not demolished until 1893, however. Up to that time the farmers from the Moss used the toll bar as a meeting place for their horse-drawn wagons when they were taking their farm produce to Smithfield Market in Manchester.Hollins GreenHollins Green first broke into the news in 1352 when a murder was committed near the ferry there. No earlier reference to the village is known.At various times the village has been called Hollins, Hollins Green, Hollinfare (or Hollin Ferry) and when the church was licensed in 1498, it was called the church at Hollinfare Green.The village has most often been called Hollins Green or Hollinfare. The first part of the name is from the Old English "holegn" meaning "holly." The ending, "fare", is from the Old English "foer", meaning ferry or ford, or any kind of passage way - just as when we pay our bus "fare" we pay our passage by bus.A Saxon fort once occupied the Warburton side to guard the ferry and when the Scots threatened to invade England in 1715 the people of Warburton paid for a soldier to guard the ferry. This sentinel stood guard on the Warburton side.InvasionIn 1745 the invasion took place, and the Scots, under Bonnie Prince Charlie, went as far south as Derby before turning back. They came back at various points along the Mersey, and to try to "corner" the Scots, the ferries, including the one at Hollins Green were destroyed. It was only repaired later at a cost of £120 raised by public subscription.In the early days the Rixtons, of Rixton Hall, were lords of the manor. They led parties of local men to join the Butlers of Warrington, in the wars against the Scots and French. Richard of Rixton was wounded in the battle of Flodden against the Scots, and returned to Rixton Hall to die.In later years the Mascys, a family which owned land in Bowden and Dunham Massey, married into the Rixton family, and lived at Rixton Hall. One of these Mascys - Hamlet Mascy - founded Hollinfare Church in 1498.Water MillThe Rixton and Glazebrook mosses were not drained until the 1870s when the new land attracted farmers from other parts of the country.At this time there was a water mill in a field behind the present cemetery, a few yards from the main road. Behind it stretched a large mill dam. This gave its name to Dam Lane, and Dam Head Lane. The mill was pulled down about 1880.Hollins Green first had a post office in 1890 with Robert Lees as postmaster. A post office was established in 1900 at Mr Baguley's shop in Glazebrook, but lapsed through lack of business. A wall letterbox was built in Glazebrook Bridge at this time. Hollins Green first had a police station in 1887.The first Wesleyan Church later called the Methodist Church was built at Rixton in 1843. This was taken down in 1904 and the present church and school premises built on the site.A Wesleyan Methodist Society existed before 1843 when meetings were held in members' homes.Village changes.Between 1880 and 1900, Hollins Green went through great changes. During these years the old Rixton Corn Mill was pulled down, the church rebuilt, the old school pulled down, the hearse house removed, the new school enlarged, a post office and police station appeared, the ferry and ferry boats went out of existence, new Methodist Churches were built and some old inns underwent changes. The last days of wakes and fairs were near at hand, the toll bars had been removed and instead of stage coaches, communication with Warrington and Manchester was by carriers' carts and the new railway, built ablout 1872.A great change was brought about by the Ship Canal in 1894. Before that time, packet boats were sailing up and down the Mersey, as well as the Bridgewater Canal, taking passengers to and from Liverpool.The construction of the Ship Canal not only meant the end of the ferry, the packet boats, the Boat Inn, and the building of the high-level bridge at Warburton but it meant more people were finding employment outside the village in the new works which sprang up along the canal side.Woolden HallWoolden Hall lies on the western boundary of the Irlam Urban District and can be reached from Glazebrook Lane by means of a narrow track across the River Glaze or along farm roads which continue on to the Mossland at the end of New Moss Road in Cadishead.The lands of Great Woolden, Little Woolden and most of Cadishead originally belonged to the Church of Rome and a monastery, Whalley Abbey, was situated near Clitheroe'.The land came into the possesion of Sir Thomas Holcroft during the reign of Henry VIII as a reward for his vigorous suppression of the monasteries, including Whalley Abbey. Later this hall was built by one of his descendants, another Thomas Holcroft, so that the family could administer their estate. The hall was built in or about 1595.Like Holcroft Hall, in 1619 the ownership passed into the hands of Ralph Calvely, of Saighton, near Chester, who was a trustee of Alice Fitton, the daughter and heiress of Thomas Holcroft. His son, John Calvely, succeeded him and remained tenant until his death in 1634, when Charles I gave Cadishead, Great Woolden and Little Woolden to Sir Kenelm Digby.In 1652, during the supremacy of the Puritan Commonwealth, the Holcrofts regained possession and the place was described as the Manor of Cadishead. They were still in possession in 1680 but at the turn of the century it went back to the Calvelys.Then in 1723, Richard Calvely sold Great Woolden to Mr Edward Poole, of Warrington and his wife, Mary. Their son, Cudworth Poole, became the Vicar of Eccles.Later, the heirs of Mr Poole sold it to the Duke of Bridgewater, whose trustees are the present owners.Little WooldenLittle Woolden, or Woolden House, is a Georgian-style mansion built about 200 years ago and can be seen further along Glazebrook Lane.The estate on which the mansion stands was also owned by Mr Richard Calvely and early in the eighteenth century it was sold by him to a Mr Leach, of Warrington.Then it was sold to Mr John Arthur Borron, who was a wealthy businessman of Warrington.Mr John Borron decided to build a residence, Woolden House, on his estate, and he being a town man, the architecture of the mansion is similar to the town house styles of the day. Four hundred acres of Chat Moss were attached to the Little Woolden estate, about one half of which were cultivated and planted by Mr Borron.Irlam HallThere have been three Irlam Halls in this district, all built on the same site near the River Irwell.The earliest dated from Anglo-Saxon times when a small building of "wattle and daub" material was built.In 1595 the hall came for a brief period into the possession of the Stanleys, and since it was not big enough, it was rebuilt in the Elizabethan style and the old hall removed.Mr John Greaves, inherited the hall from his father in 1805 and was responsible for rebuilding it in the later Gothic Revival style (early-Victorian) and he added a tower and Gothic-style fittings.In 1891 Irlam Hall came into the possession of Mr George Thomas, whose name, by his good deeds and generosity, has become well-known in the locality. His last act of philanthropy was to bequest the hall and his entire estate to the local authority, who took over responsibility soon after Mr Thomas's death in 1927. Shortly after this the Council removed the entrance lodge and gates, and in 1935 Irlam Hall Farm and some outbuildings of the estate were demolished.In 1948 it was necessary to demolish the tower of the hall to prevent it collapsing on to other parts. The estimated cost of repairing the hall and restoring it to its original condition was £20,000-£25,000.In 1950 when the Council started to discuss the possibilty of having the hall demolished, some local residents raised a petition but in 1951 H.M. Inspector of Ancient Monuments reported that the building was almost beyond repair.The Council then decided the hall would have to be demolished and this job was completed on June 23, 1952.Image:This quaint thatched cottage in Liverpool Road near Hayes Road, Cadishead, was built 350 years ago and for many years was a blacksmith's home. The cottage is now owned by Mr Harold Daniels (1970) and is designated as a building of special architectural and historical interest.Image:The last collector at the Higher Irlam toll bar, Mr Arthur Harding, is seen in this old photograph with his family outside the toll-keeper's house. Mr Harding was a saddler by trade and carried on his saddling and leather trade in one room of the house. The turnpike was closed and the toll gate removed in 1892.Image:Woolden Hall, which is situated north of Glazebrook on the Cadishead side of the River Glaze, is an Elizabethan manor house built by Thomas Holcroft in about 1595. The hall is now part of the Bridgewater estates and is occupied by Mr Thomas Jeffs and his family.Image:Lords Street in Cadishead is one of the oldest roads in this district and was marked out as a track by the earliest inhabitants of this area. It originally went for a considerable distance along the side of the River Glaze. It is seen here as it looked at the beginning of the 20th century.END. |
| 撮影日 | 2018-07-20 02:44:19 |
| 撮影者 | Irlam,Cadishead,Rixton with Glazebrook old photos |
| 撮影地 |